🧪 Organic Chemistry Reactions

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SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution
Nu⁻ + R-X → Nu-R + X⁻
Conditions: Good nucleophile, primary alkyl halide, polar aprotic solvent
Key Points: Backside attack, inversion of configuration, rate = k[Nu][RX]
E2 Elimination Reaction
B⁻ + H-CR₂-CR₂-X → BH + CR₂=CR₂ + X⁻
Conditions: Strong base, β-hydrogen present, anti-periplanar geometry
Key Points: Concerted mechanism, anti-elimination preferred, Zaitsev's rule
Markovnikov Addition (HX to Alkenes)
R₂C=CR₂ + HX → R₂CH-CR₂X
Conditions: HCl, HBr, HI; carbocation intermediate
Key Points: H goes to less substituted carbon, X to more substituted carbon
Alcohol Oxidation
RCH₂OH [O]→ RCHO [O]→ RCOOH
R₂CHOH [O]→ R₂C=O
Reagents: PCC (mild), K₂Cr₂O₇/H⁺ (strong), KMnO₄ (strong)
Key Points: 1° alcohols → aldehydes → carboxylic acids; 2° alcohols → ketones
Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
Diene + Dienophile → 6-membered ring
Conditions: Heat, electron-rich diene + electron-poor dienophile
Key Points: [4+2] cycloaddition, concerted, stereospecific, endo rule
SN2 Mechanism Breakdown
Step 1: Nucleophile approaches from backside
Nu⁻ ··· C-X
Step 2: Transition state formation (pentacoordinate carbon)
[Nu···C···X]‡
Step 3: Leaving group departs, bond formation complete
Nu-C + X⁻
E2 Mechanism Breakdown
Step 1: Base abstracts β-hydrogen while C-X bond breaks
B⁻···H-C-C-X
Step 2: Concerted elimination - π bond forms
BH + C=C + X⁻
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Substitution Reactions 90%
Elimination Reactions 75%
Addition Reactions 60%